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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">消热差长波红外光学系统设计 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2017-11-23 11:10<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(2159)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=6093&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a>来自: 波长光电</p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>军用红外光学系统通常要求在——40——80℃的温度范围内有稳定的光学性能，而大部分红外光学材料具有很高的光热膨胀系数，随着环境温度的变化，红外光学材料的折射率、光学元件的曲率和厚度、零件间隔等都会发生变化 ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div> 军用红外光学系统通常要求在——40——80℃的温度范围内有稳定的光学性能，而大部分红外光学<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>具有很高的<a href="http://solar.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">光热</a>膨胀系数，随着环境温度的变化，红外光学材料的折射率、光学元件的曲率和厚度、零件间隔等都会发生变化，使红外光学系统产生热离焦，导致成像质量变差，因此消热差红外光学系统成为目前高精度红外系统研究的一个重要方向。光学被动式消热差系统具有尺寸小、重量轻、结构简单、光轴稳定、可靠性高等优点。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110408h8b6hk8j5y6533jy.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110408h8b6hk8j5y6533jy.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 衍射光学元件具有独特的温度特性和色散特性，采用衍射光学元件的混合红外光学系统能够用更简单的结构实现消热差设计。</div><div><br></div><div> 衍射光学元件的温度及色散特性</div><div><br></div><div> 光学元件的温度特性由光热膨胀系数表示，定义为透镜温度变化引起的焦距的归一化变化：</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110704pbzxg76pxo328z87.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110704pbzxg76pxo328z87.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 对于折射元件,采用薄透镜模型可以得到它的光热膨胀系数：</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110712jbnjoyz7fnxyqxz7.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110712jbnjoyz7fnxyqxz7.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 式中,为光学元件的线膨胀系数,为光学元件的折射率,为环境介质的折射率,为材料的折射率温度系数。</div><div><br></div><div> 衍射元件的光热膨胀系数为：</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110726s43i3ufidquzudaf.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110726s43i3ufidquzudaf.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 由式(2)和(3)可知，折射元件的温度特性是由材料的膨胀系数和材料的折射率温度系数决定,而衍射元件的温度特性只是由材料的膨胀系数决定而与材料的折射率温度系数无关。</div><div><br></div><div> 另一方面,温度变化时还会引起衍射光学元件像差的变化。像差取决于衍射位相系数,设旋转对称衍射面的相位分布函数为：</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110742sdnyofjo1np7qfkq.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110742sdnyofjo1np7qfkq.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 式中，为二次相位系数。</div><div><br></div><div> 消热差系统设计方案</div><div><br></div><div> 红外光学系统消热差设计要求光学元件的色散引起的离焦为零，温度变化时光学元件产生的离焦与<a href="http://machine.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">机械</a>结构产生的离焦相互抵消,从而整个系统不产生温度离焦，因此系统光焦度分配满足总光焦度、消轴向色差、消热差设计三个方程，如下所示</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110804m9y5h99ry9gw3a7k.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110804m9y5h99ry9gw3a7k.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 式中，为第一近轴光线在各透镜组的高度；为系统的光焦度；为各个透镜的光焦度；为光学元件的色散因子,也就是色散引起的光焦度的相对变化,等于材料的阿贝数V的倒数；为外部机械结构的线膨胀系数；L为机械结构件的长度。</div><div><br></div><div> 设计实例</div><div><br></div><div> 设计实例1：</div><div><br></div><div> 制冷式长波红外镜头</div><div><br></div><div> 焦距f’=120mmF/#=2</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110826c6og3h6tg9nurh4o.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110826c6og3h6tg9nurh4o.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图1实施例1系统图</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110837s0yk42ake1k4yz34.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110837s0yk42ake1k4yz34.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图220℃时的调制传递函数</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110846gkuy2ldefxikr8z7.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110846gkuy2ldefxikr8z7.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图3-30℃时的调制传递函数</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110912xmljmu3o282iezzo.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110912xmljmu3o282iezzo.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图465℃时的调制传递函数</div><div><br></div><div> 设计实例2</div><div><br></div><div> 非制冷长波红外镜头</div><div><br></div><div> 焦距27mmF/#1.2</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110923vp9jjh322jfn89bi.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110923vp9jjh322jfn89bi.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图5实施例2系统图</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110935lpu6m66shp91ua8s.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110935lpu6m66shp91ua8s.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图620℃时的调制传递函数</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110948az4pz94sb4cesdda.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/110948az4pz94sb4cesdda.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图7——40℃时的调制传递函数</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111000c8babslsslsszs9t.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111000c8babslsslsszs9t.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"> 图880℃时的调制传递函数</div><div><br></div><div> 可以看出系统的传递函数达到衍射极限，系统具有较好的像质。衍射元件在系统中具有较好的成像特性，达到了预期目标，取得了良好的效果。</div><div><br></div><div> 结论</div><div><br></div><div> 衍射元件的光热膨胀系数相对于折射元件很小，对消热差的贡献是很小的,但其色散因子远远大于折射元件的，可以承担系统的消色差功能。因此折/衍混合红外光学系统可以利用衍射元件消色差，再合理分配折射元件的光焦度进行消热差,降低了消热差红外光学系统的设计难度，简化了系统结构，使系统有很大的设计自由度。采用衍射元件的光学被动式消热差系统有利于实现体积小,重量轻,可靠性高而工作温度范围大的现代高精度红外光学系统。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111018cvak5ece0emqi8cm.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111018cvak5ece0emqi8cm.jpg"></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111025z4dado1dv4f21veb.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201711/23/111025z4dado1dv4f21veb.jpg"></a></p></div></td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?eOg" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table 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