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<div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>哥伦比亚工程学院应用物理系助理教授Nanfang Yu所带领的团队发现了一种新型相变光学材料，并演示了一些新型设备，这些设备能在更广的波长范围内以更大的调制幅度（超过现有技术水平）动态地控制光。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div> 哥伦比亚工程学院应用<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>系助理教授Nanfang Yu所带领的团队发现了一种新型相变光学<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>，并演示了一些新型设备，这些设备能在更广的波长范围内以更大的调制幅度（超过现有技术水平）动态地控制光。该团队包括来自Purdue、Harvard、Drexel和Brookhaven国家实验室的研究人员，他们发现可以在透明和不透明状态之间范围前所未有宽的光谱区域内（从可见光波段的蓝光（波长400nm）到中红外波段的热辐射光谱（波长几十微米））连续电调谐钐镍（SmNiO3）。此项研究首次调查了SmNiO3的光学特性并在光子器件应用中演示了这种材料，研究结果发表在8月30日的网络版《Advanced Materials》上。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201708/17/091559r8eew8fp7p8prq2e.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201708/17/091559r8eew8fp7p8prq2e.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> Yu指出：“SmNiO3的性能在光调谐的幅度和波长范围方面是破纪录的，几乎没有其他任何材料能够提供这样一种对光电器件高度理想的组合性能。透明和不透明状态之间的可逆调谐基于室温环境下的<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>掺杂，并有可能非常快，这开启了一个广泛的令人兴奋的应用，比如用于动态和完全控制太阳光的“智能窗”、用于红外隐身和辐射温度控制的变热辐射涂层、光学调制器和光存储设备。”</div><div><br></div><div> 一些潜在的新功能包括：用SmNiO3的功能控制热辐射，为红外伪装和体温调节设备建造“智能”涂层。例如，这些涂层可以使人和车辆呈现出比实际温度更冷的状态，夜视环境下的热成像摄像机因此难以识别它们。该涂层还有助于降低卫星上的大温度梯度，即通过调整来自卫星阴面和阳面的相对于太阳的相对热辐射而实现这一效果，从而延长卫星的寿命。由于该相变材料有可能在透明和不透明状态之间实现高速切换，它可用于自由空间光<a href="http://ofc.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">通信</a>和光学雷达的调制器，并用于光存储装置。</div><div><br></div><div> 长期以来，研究人员一直在尝试建造能够动态控制光的有源光学器件。这些设备包括能控制（但不完全）太阳光的透射的波音787梦幻客机的“智能窗”、可以用<a href="http://laser.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">激光</a>束在其上写入和擦除数据的可擦写DVD光盘、以及高数据速率、远距离光纤通信系统，通过光调制器将该系统中的信息“写”到光束中。然而，有源光学器件在日常生活中是不常见的，因为很难找到先进的有源可调谐光学材料，而且很难设计出适当的能够将这种可调谐材料的效果放大的设备结构。</div><div><br></div><div> 当哈佛材料科学副教授Shriram Ramanathan发现了SmNiO3在室温环境下巨大的可调电阻率时，Yu注意到这一研究。两人在2013 IEEE光子学会议上相遇，并决定合作。Yu和他的学生与Ramanathan一起研究，后者是本研究论文的共同作者，他们对相变材料进行了初步光学研究，将这种材料集成到<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">纳米</a>结构设计者光学界面——“超表面”中，并创建有源光电子器件的原型，包括控制光束的光调制器，以及能够控制热辐射效率的可变发射率涂层。</div><div><br></div><div> 论文的主要作者、Yu的博士研究生李兆一指出：“SmNiO3真是一种不寻常的材料，因为它使得材料变得更加电绝缘，且在材料中掺杂更多电子时变得更透明，这恰恰和普通的材料如<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">半导体</a>材料的特性相反。”</div><div><br></div><div> 事实证明，将电子“锁”掺杂到带有材料中最初的电子的电子对中，这是一种被称为“强电子关联”的量子力学现象，这种效应使得这些电子不可用于传导电流和吸收光。因此，电子掺杂后，原本不透明的SmNiO3<a href="http://opticalfilm.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">薄膜</a>却突然允许超过百分之七十的可见光和红外辐射传输通过。</div><div><br></div><div> 李兆一补充道：“我们面临的最大挑战之一是将SmNiO3材料集成到光学器件中。为了应对这一挑战，我们开发出特殊的纳米<a href="http://optics.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">加工</a>技术，以便将超表面结构摹制到SmNiO3薄膜上。此外，我们精心选择了器件结构和材料，以确保设备能承受较高的温度和压力，这是在激活SmNiO3的制作过程中需要面对的情况。”</div><div><br></div><div> Yu和他的合作者下一步计划进行系统的研究，来了解SmNiO3相变的基础科学并开发其技术应用。该团队将研究在材料破碎前，材料所能承受的内在相变速度和相变周期。他们还将努力解决技术问题，包括合成超薄和平滑的材料薄膜，研发纳米加工技术以便将这种材料集成到新型平面光学器件中。</div><div><br></div><div> Yu 表示：“这项工作是通向实现研究实验室主要目标的关键一步，该目标是制作功能性光学器件的光学界面。我们设想利用光和二维结构化材料之间的强相互作用随意控制光，从而用“平面光学元件”取代笨重的光学器件和组件。这一相变材料的发现，以及成功将它集成到平面设备结构中，都属于一次重大的飞跃，带来了有源平面光学器件，它们不仅强化了我们正在使用的设备的性能，而且还具备全新的功能。”</div><div><br></div><div> Yu的团队包括Ramanathan、Yu的哈佛博士生You Zhou、以及他的Purdue大学博士后Zhen Zhang，Zhen Zhang合成了相变材料并进行了一些相变实验（这项研究始于哈佛大学，在Ramanathan搬到Purdue大学后继续进行）、还有Drexel大学材料科学教授Christopher Li、博士生Hao Qi、以及通过将SmNiO3与一种新型聚合物固体电解质集成而帮助制作固态器件的研究科学家Qiwei Pan、还有Brookhaven国家实验室的科研人员Ming Lu和Aaron Stein，他们参与了设备的纳米制造。在此项研究开展期间，哥伦比亚工程学院应用物理和应用数学系的材料科学与工程领域的助理教授Yuan Yang承担了咨询工作。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a 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