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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">熟悉的陌生人：黑体辐射 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2016-7-6 17:50<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1731)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=4592&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>中文名：黑体辐射 外文名：black-body radiation 定义：指入射的电磁波全部被吸收 理论数据：普朗克辐射定律 光谱：温度越高光谱中蓝色越多红色越少 关系：与自身温度有关很多人听到黑体时，并不会感到陌生，但要具 ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">很多人听到黑体时，并不会感到陌生，但要具体说出来他到底是个什么鬼，它主要能用来干什么..,想必还是有点难度滴！今天就和大家一起来<a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=62" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">科普</a>科普吧！</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">中文名：黑体辐射</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">外文名：black-body radiation</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">定 义：指入射的电磁波全部被吸收</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">理论</a>数据：普朗克辐射定律</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">光 谱：温度越高光谱中蓝色越多红色越少</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">关 系：与自身温度有关</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><b><font size="4" color="#0000f0">黑体的来由</font></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><b><font size="4" color="#0000f0"><br></font></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">科学定义：任何物体都具有不断辐射、吸收、发射电磁波的本领。辐射出去的电磁波在各个波段是不同的，也就是具有一定的谱分布。这种谱分布与物体本身的特性及其温度有关，因而被称之为热辐射。为了研究不依赖于物质具体物性的热辐射规律，<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学家们定义了一种理想物体——<font color="#f00000"><b><u>黑体（black body），以此作为热辐射研究的标准物体。</u></b></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><font color="#f00000"><b><u><br></u></b></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><font color="#0000f0" size="4"><b>黑体辐射的定义</b></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><font color="#0000f0" size="4"><b><br></b></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">所谓黑体是指入射的电磁波全部被吸收，既没有反射，也没有透射( 当然黑体仍然要向外辐射)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">基尔霍夫辐射定律(Kirchhoff)，在热平衡状态的物体所辐射的能量与吸收率之比与物体本身物性无关,只与波长和温度有关。按照基尔霍夫辐射定律，在一定温度下，黑体必然是辐射本领最大的物体，可叫作完全辐射体。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171800wuozpzt6oe60jsmn.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171800wuozpzt6oe60jsmn.jpg"></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">黑体辐射是指由理想放射物放射出来的辐射，在特定温度及特定波长放射最大量之辐射。同时，黑体是可以吸收所有入射辐射的物体，不会反射任何辐射，但黑体未必是黑色的，例如太阳为气体星球，可以认为射向太阳的电磁辐射很难被反射回来，所以认为太阳是一个黑体(绝对黑体是不存在的)。理论上黑体会放射频谱上所有波长之电磁波。维恩位移定律是描述黑体电磁辐射能流密度的峰值波长与自身温度关系的定律。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><b><font color="#0000f0" size="4">黑体辐射源的设计及应用 </font></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><b><font color="#0000f0" size="4"><br></font></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">1860年,基尔霍夫提出理想黑体理论:从密闭等温腔体内的任意面元上发出的辐射是等温腔体温度下的黑 体辐射，自然界并不存在理想的黑体,基尔霍夫这一理想黑体物理模型为人们研制人工黑体提供了基本方法,即在密闭等温腔体上开一个小孔,从小孔中发出的辐射近似为黑体辐射,开孔腔体即为空腔式黑体辐射源。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">早期的黑体辐射源,结构简单,腔体<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>多应用碳硅化物、陶瓷或石墨,采用恒温油槽或非均匀布置的加热丝来取得均匀温场,为取得较好的黑体辐射特性,开口孔径都比较小。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171801q9u3vkszrttrus3r.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171801q9u3vkszrttrus3r.jpg"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">上世纪70年代以后,黑体辐射源的设计趋于成熟,同时伴随着热管技术的进步,黑体源的设计开始和热管相结合,温度均匀性进一步提高,并且出现了大口径面辐射源。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">在各国科技人员的积极探索下,几十年来,黑体辐射源的研究取得了很大的进步,模拟黑体和理想黑体的差异越来越小,性能指标逐步提高,在温度量值传递、辐射测温溯源、温度<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">传感</a>器校准方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">黑体辐射源的研究可以分为三个方面:黑体空腔 及结构设计;空腔有效发射率的计算和温度均匀性的实现;黑体辐射源的评估。决定黑体辐射源性能的两个方面是黑体辐射源空腔的形状和密闭性以及黑体辐射源温度分布的均匀性。前者描述了辐射源整体偏离理想黑体辐射源的程度,后者决定了辐射源偏离理想黑体辐射谱的程度。黑体辐射源的具体设计主要也是基于这两个方面的考虑。描述黑体辐射源辐射性能的主要技术指标空腔发射率,也主要受这两个方面的影响。空腔发射率的计算既可以指导空腔形状的设计,又可以验证空腔设计的合理性以及部分反映辐射源的性能。黑体辐射源的整体性能是否优异需要加以评价,目前还没有一个统一的评价理论。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">引用optics公司研发的BBS-200黑体辐射源作为例子进行说明，它通过一个循环水系统进行加热和制冷，这个循环水系统通过带有自动密封快速拆卸接头的隔热软管和黑体连接。比同类设计更先进的地方在于，BBS-200有一个双螺旋结构的水套，在这个水套中，水在圆柱形的热交换器中循环—从前面到后面，再从后面到前面，这样就减少了沿腔的热梯度。此外，BBS-200第一次做到了将分立水套中加热和制冷的水重新入锥，由此使其均匀性和升温速率比同类的<a href="http://b.oecr.com/sell" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">产品</a>更好。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171305mmooapazzwoq55au.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/171305mmooapazzwoq55au.png"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">BBS-200最重要的设计特点之一是加入了一个机动挡板。在黑体改变温度的时候挡板就关上，从而缩短设定时间，并可以在仪器校准的时候最小化热不稳定性。尽管挡板可以手动打开和关闭，但使用电动挡板可以使长时间的校准自动进行。当用来校准RAD-900红外辐射<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>仪时，ScanIRR<a href="http://opticaldesign.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">软件</a>里ACCURad（自动校准控制单元）设备充分利用了这个特点以及数字参考温度计和循环水缸。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="background: white;"><span style="line-height: 26px;">黑体辐射源作为红外辐射的参照源，BBS-200在设计上能在任何温度小都辐射出可能达到最大光通量，被用来对2-14um的热波段进行重要的测量，尤其在校准热像仪和红外辐射计、红外探测器方面有重要的作用，黑体辐射源在辐射测温溯源中的作用日益突出,黑体辐射源不仅是作为标定红外测温仪的标准器,还将迅速发展成为下一次辐射测温温区CIPM(国际计量委员会)关键比对用仪器,进而成为温标保存仪器。由于黑体辐射源在辐射测量领域的特殊地位,也可以和合适的红外辐射仪或热像仪配套使用，使其在辐射测温、遥感、遥测、红外加热等诸多领域有重要而广泛的应用。</span></p><div><br></div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201607/06/170523snbbeoorobloddbn.jpg" 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onclick="portal_comment_requote(7119, '4592');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-96125.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">chendaigen</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2016-7-6 22:26</span> </dt> <dd>希望多更新一些。</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_7117"></a> <dl id="comment_7117_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(7117, '4592');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-97569.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">安利</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2016-7-6 21:26</span> </dt> <dd>oecr我的最爱</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_7116"></a> <dl id="comment_7116_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(7116, '4592');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-66142.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">allen_li59168</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2016-7-6 20:56</span> </dt> <dd>进入公众微信号了可以直接上论坛不错！</dd> </dl></div> </div> 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