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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">科学家同时观察到光的波粒二象性 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2012-11-12 09:11<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1484)</em> 评论: 0</p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>长久以来，人们都知道光既可以表现出粒子的形式，也可以呈现波动的特征，这取决于光子实验测定时的方法。但就在不久之前，光还从未同时表现出这两种状态。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content">长久以来，人们都知道光既可以表现出粒子的形式，也可以呈现波动的特征，这取决于光子实验测定时的方法。但就在不久之前，光还从未同时表现出这两种状态。<BR> <BR>关于光是粒子还是波的争论由来已久，甚至可以追溯到科学最初萌芽的时候。艾萨克·牛顿提出了光的粒子<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">理论</a>，而詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦的电磁学理论认为光是一种波。到了1905年，争论出现了戏剧性的变化。爱因斯坦提出光是由称为“光子”的粒子组成，借此解释了光电效应。他也因此获得了诺贝尔<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学奖。光电效应的发现对物理学影响深远，并为后来量子力学的发展作出了重大贡献。<BR> <BR>量子力学在对微小粒子，如原子和光子的行为预测上，具有惊人的准确性。然而，这些预测非常违反直觉。比如，量子理论认为类似光子的粒子可以同时在不同的地方出现，甚至是同时在无穷多的地方出现，就像波的行为一样。这种被称为“波粒二象性”的概念，也适用于所有的亚原子粒子，如<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>、夸克甚至希格斯玻色子等。波粒二象性是量子力学理论系统的基础，诺贝尔奖获得者理查德·费曼将其称为“量子力学中一个真正的奥秘”。 <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090915i5uqjazuelyqahuo.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090915i5uqjazuelyqahuo.jpg"></A></P> 上面的想象图演示的是单光子穿过干涉仪时的情景，干涉仪的输出端装有量子分光镜。图中远处可以看到正弦振荡的波形，表示的是单光子干涉，是一种波动现象。而在图片近处，观察不到振荡，说明只表现出粒子的特性。在两种极端之间，单光子的行为连续不断地从波的形式向粒子形式转变，图中<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>了这两种状态的重叠。<BR><BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/0909201nfvfawjnh1sodof.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/0909201nfvfawjnh1sodof.jpg"></A></P> <P> 受艺术家毛里茨·科内利斯·埃舍尔作品的启发绘制的艺术图，显示了光在粒子态和波形态之间的连续变化。<BR><BR><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090923whf7fo7vtt4h8vtm.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090923whf7fo7vtt4h8vtm.jpg"></A><BR><BR> 受艺术家毛里茨·科内利斯·埃舍尔作品的启发绘制的艺术图，显示了光在粒子态和波形态之间的连续变化。</P> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090926mm9y9yuwm9tmtm3q.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/090926mm9y9yuwm9tmtm3q.jpg"></A></P> <P>阿尔贝托·佩鲁佐(左)和彼得·夏伯特(右)，研究论文的并列第一作者。</P> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/09092965f4hwn4zzn6nf55.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201211/12/09092965f4hwn4zzn6nf55.jpg"></A></P> <P> 实验中用以检测波粒二象性的量子光子芯片。单光子通过光纤进入环路，在输出端被极其敏感的探测器检测到。<BR><BR>刊于《科学》杂志上的两组独立研究，利用不同的方法对光从波形态向粒子态的转变进行了测定，以揭示光的本质面貌。两组研究都来源于理论物理学家约翰·惠勒于上个世纪80年代进行的经典实验。惠勒的实验提出，观察光子时应用的方法，将最终决定光子的行为是像粒子还是像波。<BR> <BR>阿尔贝托·佩鲁(Alberto Peruzzo)佐是布里斯托大学量子光子学中心的研究员，在他的带领下，一个由物理学家和量子理论物理学家组成的团队根据惠勒的实验设计了新的方法，以同时观测光的粒子性和波动性。他们利用光分离器使一个光子纠缠另一个光子。通过对第二个光子的测定，来决定对第一个光子的测定方法。这一过程使研究者得以探索光从波的形式向粒子态转变的过程。<BR> <BR>“这种<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>装置检测到强烈的非定域性，证实了实验中光子同时表现得既像一种波又像粒子，”佩鲁佐说，“这对光或者是波形态，或者是粒子态的模型是非常有力的反驳。”<BR> <BR>量子光子学中心的主管杰里米·奥布莱恩(Jeremy O’Brien)说：“为了进行这项研究，我们使用了一项新颖的量子光子芯片技术。这种芯片具有可重构性，即它可以根据不同的电子环路来进行编程和操控。这项技术在今天的量子计算机研究中处于十分领先的地位，而在未来，它还将带来更多有关量子力学尖端研究的重要成果。”<BR> <BR>尼斯大学国家科学研究中心的弗洛里安·凯瑟(Florian Kaiser)利用纠缠光子对实现了惠勒的实验。一个光子通过干涉仪被探测到，使研究者能够测定第二个光子的状态，是像波的形式还是粒子形式，或者是二者之间。他们的实验也实现了光子从波的形式向粒子状态的连续转变。</P> <DIV><FONT color="#808080" size=2><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/xwb/images/bgimg/icon_logo.png"> 已同步至 <a href="http://api.t.sina.com.cn/2200118572/statuses/3511474679443879" target="_blank">update的微博</A></FONT></DIV></td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?eOg" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr><td> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=click&op=add&clickid=1&idtype=aid&id=3027&hash=b1e4ae76158cf2681d680e0c0a6f4b05&handlekey=clickhandle" id="click_aid_3027_1" onclick="showWindow(this.id, 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